Factores asociados con la conversión a técnica abierta en la colecistectomía laparoscópica / Factors associated with conversion to open technique in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es el estándar de oro para el manejo de la patología de la vesícula biliar con indicación quirúrgica. Durante su ejecución existe un grupo de pacientes que podrían requerir conversión a técnica abierta. Este estudio evaluó factores perioperatorios asociados a la conversión en la Clínica Central OHL en Montería, Colombia. Métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles anidado a una cohorte retrospectiva entre 2018 y 2021, en una relación de 1:3 casos/controles, nivel de confianza 95 % y una potencia del 90 %. Se caracterizó la población de estudio y se evaluaron las asociaciones según la naturaleza de las variables, luego por análisis bivariado y multivariado se estimaron los OR, con sus IC95%, considerando significativo un valor de p<0,05, controlando variables de confusión. Resultados. El estudio incluyó 332 pacientes, 83 casos y 249 controles, mostrando en el modelo multivariado que las variables más fuertemente asociadas con la conversión fueron: la experiencia del cirujano (p=0,001), la obesidad (p=0,036), engrosamiento de la pared de la vesícula biliar en la ecografía (p=0,011) y un mayor puntaje en la clasificación de Parkland (p<0,001). Conclusión. La identificación temprana y análisis individual de los factores perioperatorios de riesgo a conversión en la planeación de la colecistectomía laparoscópica podría definir qué pacientes se encuentran expuestos y cuáles podrían beneficiarse de un abordaje mínimamente invasivo, en búsqueda de toma de decisiones adecuadas, seguras y costo-efectivas

Introduction. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for the management of gallbladder pathology with surgical indication. During its execution, there is a group of patients who may require conversion to the open technique. This study evaluated perioperative factors associated with conversion at the OHL Central Clinic in Montería, Colombia. Methods. Observational analytical case-control study nested in a retrospective cohort between 2018 and 2021, in a 1:3 case/control ratio, 95% confidence level and 90% power. The study population was characterized and the associations were evaluated according to the nature of the variables, then the OR were estimated by bivariate and multivariate analysis, with their 95% CI, considering a value of p<0.05 significant, controlling for confounding variables. Results. The study included 332 patients, 83 cases and 249 controls, showing in the multivariate model that the variables most strongly associated with conversion were: the surgeon's experience (p=0.001), obesity (p=0.036), gallbladder wall thickening on ultrasonography (p=0.011), and a higher score in the Parkland classification (p<0.001). Conclusions. Early identification and individual analysis of the perioperative risk factors for conversion in the planning of laparoscopic cholecystectomy could define which patients are exposed, and which could benefit from a minimally invasive approach, in search of making safe, cost-effective, and appropriate decisions

Laparoscopic appendicectomy: risk factors for conversion to laparotomy / Apendicectomia laparoscópica: fatores de risco de conversão para laparotomia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic appendectomy is the gold standard surgical procedure currently performed for acute appendicitis. The conversion rate is one of the main factors used to measure laparoscopic competence, being important to avoid wasting time in a laparoscopic procedure and proceed directly to open surgery. AIMS: To identify the main preoperative parameters associated with a higher risk of conversion in order to determine the surgical method indicated for each patient. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients admitted with acute appendicitis who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. A total of 725 patients were included, of which 121 (16.7%) were converted to laparotomy. RESULTS: The significant factors that predicted conversion, identified by univariate and multivariate analysis, were: the presence of comorbidities (OR 3.1; 95%CI; p<0.029), appendicular perforation (OR 5.1; 95%CI; p<0.003), retrocecal appendix (OR 5.0; 95%CI; p<0.004), gangrenous appendix, presence of appendicular abscess (OR 3.6; 95%CI; p<0.023) and the presence of difficult dissection (OR 9.2; 95%CI; p<0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic appendectomy is a safe procedure to treat acute appendicitis. It is a minimally invasive surgery and has many advantages. Preoperatively, it is possible to identify predictive factors for conversion to laparotomy, and the ability to identify these reasons can aid surgeons in selecting patients who would benefit from a primary open appendectomy.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A apendicectomia laparoscópica é o procedimento cirúrgico padrão-ouro realizado atualmente para apendicite aguda. A taxa de conversão é um dos principais fatores utilizados para medir a competência laparoscópica, e importante para evitar perda de tempo em um procedimento laparoscópico e proceder diretamente à cirurgia aberta. OBJETIVO: Identificar os principais parâmetros pré-operatórios associados ao maior risco de conversão para determinar o método cirúrgico indicado para cada paciente. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes admitidos com apendicite aguda, submetidos a apendicectomia laparoscópica. Foram incluídos 725 pacientes, sendo que destes, 121 (16,7%) foram convertidos para laparotomia. RESULTADOS: Os fatores significativos que predizem a conversão, identificados por análise univariada e multivariada, foram: presença de comorbidades (OR 3,1; IC95%; p<0,029), perfuração apendicular (OR 5,1; IC95%; p<0,003), apêndice retrocecal (OR 5,0; IC95%; p<0,004), apêndice gangrenoso, presença de abscesso apendicular (OR 3,6; IC95%; p<0,023) e a presença de dissecção difícil (OR 9,2; IC95%; p<0,008). CONCLUSÕES: A apendicectomia laparoscópica é um procedimento seguro para tratar apendicite aguda. É uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva e tem muitas vantagens. No pré-operatório, é possível identificar os fatores preditores de conversão para laparotomia, e a capacidade de identificar essas razões pode ajudar os cirurgiões na seleção de pacientes que se beneficiariam de uma apendicectomia aberta primária.

¿Día o noche? El momento ideal para realizar la colecistectomía / Day or night? The right time to perform cholecystectomy

Introducción. La frecuencia de complicaciones postquirúrgicas de la colecistectomía realizada en la noche es un tema de controversia, siendo que se ha reportado una frecuencia mayor durante el horario nocturno. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la presentación de colecistectomía difícil dependiendo de la hora en que se realizó la cirugía, además de otras complicaciones, estancia intrahospitalaria postquirúrgica, reingreso a 30 días y reintervención. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, analítico y transversal, comparando la presentación de colecistectomía difícil y su frecuencia en horario diurno (8:00 am a 7:59 pm) y nocturno (8:00 pm a 7:59 am), además de seroma, absceso, hematoma, fuga biliar, biloma, estancia intrahospitalaria postquirúrgica, reingreso a 30 días y reintervención. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 228 pacientes, 117 operados durante el día (52 %) y 111 durante la noche (48 %). La colecistectomía difícil se presentó 26 % vs 34 % de los casos intervenidos en el día y la noche, respectivamente. La complicación más frecuente fue seroma (14 %). La estancia hospitalaria media fue de 2,7 días en cirugías diurnas y de 2,5 en cirugías nocturnas; hubo 3 % de reintervenciones y 6 %, respectivamente. También hubo 2 % de reingresos a los 30 días entre los pacientes operados en el día y 3 % entre los operados en la noche. Conclusiones. La frecuencia de colecistectomía difícil y las complicaciones, la estancia intrahospitalaria postquirúrgica, el reingreso a 30 días y la necesidad de reintervención, no tuvieron diferencias significativas respecto al horario de la cirugía.

Introduction. The frequency of post-surgical complications of cholecystectomy performed overnight is a matter of controversy, and a higher rate has been reported during the night shift. The objective of this study was to analyze the presentation of difficult cholecystectomy depending on the time the surgery was performed, in addition to other complications, postoperative hospital stay, 30-day readmission, and reintervention. Methods. A retrospective, observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out, comparing the presentation of difficult cholecystectomy and its frequency during daytime (8:00 am to 7:59 pm) and at night (8:00 pm to 7:59 am), in addition of seroma, abscess, bile leak, biloma, hematoma, post-surgical hospital stay, 30-day readmission, and reintervention.Results. A total of 228 patients were included in the study, 117 patients operated during the day (52%), and 111 at night (48%). Difficult cholecystectomy occurred in 26% vs. 34% of the cases operated on during the day and at night, respectively. The most frequent complication was seroma (14%). The mean hospital stay was 2.7 days in day surgeries and 2.5 in night surgeries; there were also 2% readmission at 30 days among patients operated during the day and 3% among those operated on at night. Conclusions. The frequency of difficult cholecystectomy and complications, postoperative hospital stay, 30-day readmission, and the need of reintervention, did not have significant differences with respect to the time of surgery.

Surgery for lumbar disc herniation: open x minimally invasive technique / Cirurgia de hérnia discal lombar: técnica aberta x minimamente invasiva / Cirugía de hernia discal lumbar: técnica abierta x mínimamente invasiva

ABSTRACT Objective: In Brazil, there are no studies comparing endoscopic treatment of lumbar disc herniation with the conventional open technique in SUS (Unified Health System) with regard to hospitalization time and complications occurring within one year, which is the objective of this study. Methods: A survey of 32 surgeries performed in 2019 (11 open and 21 endoscopic) to evaluate pain parameters before and after surgery (VAS), days of hospitalization, and complications. The data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA) using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Fourteen patients were female and eighteen were male, with a mean age of 41.35 years (p> 0.05 between sexes). The pre- and postoperative VAS for pain radiating to the lower limb were similar between the groups: 8.5 ± 0.82 with the open technique and 8.19 ± 1.15 with endoscopic technique. In both groups there was an improvement in the pain pattern with a significant reduction in the VAS (p < 0.05) and there was no statistical relevance between the groups in terms of pain improvement. There was statistical relevance between the groups in the comparison of days of hospitalization required, with the group submitted to endoscopic surgery having a lower number of days. The complications reported were compatible with those found in the literature (postoperative dysesthesia, new herniation). Conclusions: The endoscopic technique resulted in an important reduction in the number of days of hospitalization, a factor with a high impact on the costs of any surgical procedure, which can be a determining factor in the feasibility of minimally invasive techniques. Level of evidence IV; Therapeutic Study.

RESUMO Objetivos: No Brasil, não há estudos que comparem o tratamento endoscópico de hérnia de disco lombar no SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde) com a técnica aberta convencional, no que diz respeito aos resultados com relação ao tempo de internação e complicações ocorridas em um ano, o que vem a ser o objetivo deste estudo. Métodos: Levantamento de 32 cirurgias realizadas em 2019 (11 por via aberta e 21 por via endoscópica) para avaliar os parâmetros de dor antes e depois da cirurgia (EVA), dias de internação e complicações. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA) com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Catorze pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 18 do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 41,35 anos (p > 0,05 para os dois sexos). A EVA de dor irradiada para o membro inferior no pré e pós-operatório foi semelhante entre os grupos: 8,5 ± 0,82 com a técnica aberta e 8,19 ± 1,15 com a técnica endoscópica. Em ambos os grupos houve melhora do padrão de dor com redução significativa da EVA (p < 0,05) e não houve relevância estatística entre os grupos quanto à melhora do dor. Na comparação das diárias de internação necessárias houve relevância estatística entre os grupos, sendo que o grupo submetido à endoscopia teve número menor de diárias. As complicações relatadas são compatíveis com as encontradas na literatura (disestesia pós-operatória, nova herniação). Conclusões: A técnica endoscópica resultou em redução importante do número de dias de internação, fator com alto impacto nos custos de qualquer procedimento cirúrgico, que pode ser determinante para viabilizar técnicas minimamente invasivas. Nível de evidência IV; Estudo Terapêutico.

RESUMEN Objetivos: En Brasil, no hay estudios que comparen el tratamiento endoscópico de hernia de disco lumbar en el SUS (Sistema Único de Salud) con la técnica abierta convencional, en lo que refiere a los resultados con relación al tiempo de internación y complicaciones ocurridas en un año, lo que viene a ser el objetivo de este estudio. Métodos: Levantamiento de 32 cirugías realizadas en 2019 (once por vía abierta y veintiuna por vía endoscópica) para evaluar los parámetros de dolor antes y después de la cirugía (EVA), días de internación y complicaciones. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico (ANOVA) con el test de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Catorce pacientes eran del sexo femenino y dieciocho del sexo masculino con promedio de edad de 41,35 años (p>0,05 para los dos sexos). La EVA de dolor irradiado para el miembro inferior en el pre y postoperatorio fue semejante entre los grupos: 8,5±0,82 con la técnica abierta y 8,19±1,15 con la técnica endoscópica. En ambos grupos hubo mejoras del patrón de dolor con reducción significativa de la EVA (p<0,05) y no hubo relevancia estadística entre los grupos cuanto a la mejora del dolor. En la comparación de los días de internación necesarios hubo relevancia estadística entre los grupos, siendo que el grupo sometido a la endoscopia tuvo número menor de días de internación. Las complicaciones relatadas son compatibles con las encontradas en la literatura (disestesia postoperatoria, nueva herniación). Conclusiones: La técnica endoscópica resultó en reducción importante del número de días de internación, factor con alto impacto en los costos de cualquier procedimiento quirúrgico, que puede ser determinante para viabilizar técnicas mínimamente invasivas. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudio Terapéutico.

Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection after Conversion from Laparoscopic to Open Cholecystectomy / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the incidence of surgical site infection(SSI)following conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy and to analyze the related risk factors. Methods The clinical data of 179 patients who had experienced conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2014 to August 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between clinical variables and SSI. Results The incidence of SSI was 19.0%(34/179)after conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy.The multivariable analysis demonstrated that preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)(

Colecistectomía subtotal: una alternativa en el manejo de la colecistectomía difícil / Subtotal cholecystectomy: an alternative in the management of difficult cholecystectomy

Introducción. Alrededor de un 10 % de las laparoscopias se convierten a cirugía abierta por dificultades en obtener una visión crítica durante la colecistectomía en colecistitis severas. La colecistectomía subtotal es una posibilidad terapéutica disponible, que disminuye la tasa de conversión en cirugía laparoscópica y mantiene bajas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía subtotal en la Clínica CES (Medellín, Colombia) entre enero y diciembre de 2015. Se identificaron variables demográficas, detalles de la cirugía, morbilidad y mortalidad. Resultados. De un total de 710 colecistectomías en dicho periodo, a 17 (2,4 %) se les realizó colecistectomía sub-total. Quince (88 %) de ellas fueron por laparoscopia y dos requirieron conversión. La distribución en cuanto a sexo fue similar (10 mujeres / 7 hombres) y la edad promedio fue de 51 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 119 minutos. En 14 (82 %) pacientes se dejó drenaje subhepático. Dos pacientes presentaron fístula biliar y un paciente reingresó por un hematoma; no se presentaron otras complicaciones. La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 5,2 días. Discusión. La colecistectomía subtotal es una alternativa en pacientes con colecistectomía difícil y en nuestra experiencia presenta una alta tasa de éxito

Introduction. About 10% of laparoscopies are converted to open surgery due to difficulties in obtaining critical vision during cholecystectomy in severe cholecystitis. Subtotal cholecystectomy is an available therapeutic possibi-lity, which decreases the conversion rate in laparoscopic surgery and maintains low morbidity and mortality rates.Methods. Descriptive, retrospective study of patients who underwent subtotal cholecystectomy between January and December 2015. Demographic variables, details of surgery, morbidity and mortality were identified.Results. Of a total of 710 cholecystectomies in that period, 17 (2.4%) underwent subtotal cholecystectomy. Fifteen (88%) of them were by laparoscopy and two required conversion. The gender distribution was similar (10 women/7 men) and the average age was 51 years. The average surgical time was 119 minutes. Subhepatic drainage was left in 14 (82%) patients. Two patients had a biliary fistula and one patient was readmitted for a hematoma; there were no other complications. The average hospital stay was 5.2 days.Discussion. Subtotal cholecystectomy is an alternative in patients with difficult cholecystectomy and in our experience, it has a high success rate

¿Es más difícil la colecistectomía laparoscópica después de una colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica? Experiencia en un hospital de tercer nivel / Is the laparoscopic cholecystectomy more difficult after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? Experience in a third level hospital

Introducción. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es el tratamiento estándar para la colecistitis aguda. En pacientes con coledocolitiasis, la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica es el tratamiento de elección. Se ha reportado que, después de este procedimiento endoscópico, la colecistectomía laparoscópica es más difícil y son mayores las tasas de conversión, hemorragia y tiempo operatorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si en nuestro medio las colecistectomías laparoscópicas posteriores a este procedimiento endoscópico presentan más complicaciones posquirúrgicas y mayor dificultad técnica. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, en el que se comparó un grupo de pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica previa colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, contra un grupo homogéneo de pacientes sin colangiografía previa, para evaluar la dificultad en la colecistectomía laparoscópica, la conversión, la reintervención y las complicaciones. Resultados. El 45,4 % de las cirugías fueron difíciles.No hay relación entre la realización previa de colangio-pancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica y la dificultad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Con el modelo de regresión logística, se encontraron como factores predictores para una cirugía difícil, la edad, el sexo masculino, la cirugía abdominal previa, la colecistitis aguda y la mayor gravedad de la colecistitis aguda. Conclusión. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en nuestro medio no constituye un factor de riesgo para dificultad en la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Debe prestarse especial cuidado al sexo masculino, la gravedad de la colecistitis aguda, los antecedentes de cirugía abdominal y la presencia de comorbilidades a la hora de planear una colecistectomía laparoscópica, tomando precauciones adicionales en estos casos para prevenir complicaciones

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard treatment for acute cholecystitis. In patients who also have choledocholithiasis, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the treatment of choice. In some studies, it has been reported that, after this endoscopic examination, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is more difficult, and conversion rates, bleeding and operative time are higher. The objective of this study was to determine whether laparoscopic cholecystectomies after this endoscopic procedure present more postoperative complications and greater technical difficulty in our setting.Methods: Prospective cohort study, in which a group of patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy prior endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was compared against a homogeneous group of patients without previous cholangiography, to assess the difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, conversion, reoperation and complications.Results: 45.4 % of the surgeries were difficult. There is no relationship between the previous performance of ERCP and the difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. With the logistic regression model, age, male gender, previous abdominal surgery, acute cholecystitis and greater degree of severity of acute cholecystitis were found as predictive factors for difficult surgery.Conclusion: ERCP in our setting is not a risk factor for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Special care should be taken to the male gender, the severity of acute cholecystitis, the history of abdominal surgery and the presence of comorbidities when planning a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, taking additional precautions in these cases to prevent complications

Caution is needed in interpreting the results of comparative studies regarding oncological operations by minimally invasive versus laparotomic access / É necessário cautela na interpretação dos resultados de estudos comparativos de cirurgias oncológicas por acessos minimamente invasivos vs laparotômicos

ABSTRACT We aim to alert the difference between groups while comparing studies of abdominal oncological operations performed either by minimally invasive or laparotomic approaches and potential conflicts of interest in presenting or interpreting the results. Considering the large volume of scientific articles that are published, there is a need to consider the quality of the scientific production that leads to clinical decision making. In this regards, it is important to take into account the choice of the surgical access route. Randomized, controlled clinical trials are the standard for comparing the effectiveness between these interventions. Although some studies indicate advantages in minimally invasive access, caution is needed when interpreting these findings. There is no detailed observation in each of the comparative study about the real limitations and potential indications for minimally invasive procedures, such as the indications for selected and less advanced cases, in less complex cavities, as well as its elective characteristic. Several abdominal oncological operations via laparotomy would not be plausible to be completely performed through a minimally invasive access. These cases should be carefully selected and excluded from the comparative group. The comparison should be carried out, in a balanced way, with a group that could also have undergone a minimally invasive access, avoiding bias in selecting those cases of minor complexity, placed in the minimally invasive group. It is not a question of criticizing the minimally invasive technologies, but of respecting the surgeon's clinical decision regarding the most convenient method, revalidating the well-performed traditional laparotomy route, which has been unfairly criticized or downplayed by many people.

RESUMO Objetivamos alertar a desigualdade entre grupos de pacientes, em estudos comparativos de cirurgias oncológicas abdominais por acessos minimamente invasivos ou laparotômicos, e os possíveis conflitos de interesse na demonstração ou interpretação dos resultados. Diante do grande volume de artigos científicos produzidos, há necessidade de se considerar a qualidade da produção científica de estudos para a tomada da decisão clínica quanto à eleição da via de acesso cirúrgico. Ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados são o padrão para comparar a eficácia entre estas intervenções em situações diversas. Apesar de alguns estudos indicarem vantagens no acesso minimamente invasivo, é preciso cautela na interpretação desses achados. Não se percebe detalhada discussão que alerte, em cada estudo comparativo, sobre os reais limites e indicações possíveis de cirurgias minimamente invasivas, como indicações para casos selecionados, menos avançados, mais eletivos, e em cavidades menos complexas. Diversas cirurgias oncológicas abdominais via laparotômica não seriam plausíveis de serem, completamente, realizadas por acesso minimamente invasivo. Estas deveriam ser, criteriosamente, selecionadas e excluídas do grupo comparativo. A comparação deve ser, equilibradamente, realizada com grupo que, muito provavelmente, também poderia ter sido submetido ao acesso minimamente invasivo a contento, evitando viés de seleção da concentração de casos de complexidade menor no grupo da cirurgia minimamente invasiva. Não se trata, aqui, de desmerecer as tecnologias minimamente invasivas, mas de respeito à decisão clínica do cirurgião pelo método mais conveniente, revalidando a via laparotômica tradicional bem procedida, a qual tem sido, injustamente, criticada ou inferiorizada por muitos em nosso meio.

Resultados iniciales de un programa de cirugía hepato-bilio-pancreática laparoscópica en el Hospital Regional de Talca / Initial results of a laparoscopic hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery program at the Regional Hospital of Talca

Resumen Introducción: La cirugía laparoscópica es la vía de abordaje de elección para el tratamiento de múltiples patologías abdominales, sin embargo, su desarrollo en la cirugía hepato-bilio-pancreática (HBP) ha sido más lento y heterogéneo. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de la implementación y desarrollo de un programa de cirugía HBP laparoscópica en el Hospital de Regional de Talca. Materiales y Método: Estudio de serie de casos que incluye a todos los pacientes operados por una patología HBP por vía laparoscópica como acceso a la cavidad abdominal en el Hospital Regional de Talca entre el 1 de junio de 2014 y el 30 de junio de 2016. Resultados: Fueron 42 pacientes, 25 (59,5%) de sexo femenino. La mediana de edad fue 58 años (IQ25-75 38-64 años). 22 (52,4%) tuvo una cirugía abdominal previa en la mayoría de ellos por vía abierta. 22 (52,4%) pacientes fueron intervenidos por patología maligna. La indicación más frecuente fue la cirugía radical por cáncer de vesícula biliar en 10 (23,8%) casos y la hidatidosis hepática (HH) en 7 (16,7%). 1 (2,4%) paciente portador de una HH requirió de una conversión a laparotomía. 5 (11,9%) presentaron alguna morbilidad posoperatoria, 2 de ellos > III de Clavien. La mediana de recuperación funcional fue de 1 día (1-2) y la de estadía posoperatoria de 3 días (3-4). No hubo mortalidad a 90 días. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 26,5 (18-33) meses, 4 (19%) de los 21 pacientes oncológicos intervenidos con intención curativa presentaron recurrencia de la enfermedad, la mayoría de ellos sistémica y el 95% está libre de recurrencia a los 24 meses. Conclusiones: La implementación y el desarrollo de la cirugía hepato-bilio-pancreática (HBP) por vía laparoscópica puede efectuarse en hospitales de referencia regional con los mismos estándares y resultados internacionales.

Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery is the preference access for the treatment of various abdominal pathologies, however, its development in hepato-biliary-pancreatic (HBP) surgery has been slower and heterogeneous. Aim: Present the results of the implementation and development of a laparoscopic HBP surgery program at the Regional Hospital of Talca. Materials and Method: Case series study in which were included all patients submitted to laparoscopic surgery for treatment of HPB pathology as access to the abdominal cavity in the Regional Hospital of Talca between June 1, 2014 and June 30, 2016. Results: There were 42 patients, 25 (59.5%) female. The median age was 58 years (IQ25-75 38-64 years). 22 (52.4%) had previous abdominal surgery in most of them by open route. 22 (52.4%) patients were operated on for malignant pathology. The most frequent indication was radical surgery for gallbladder cancer in 10 (23.8%) cases and hepatic hydatidosis (HH) in 7 (16.7%). 1 (2.4%) patient carrying a HH required a conversion to laparotomy. 5 (11.9%) presented some postoperative morbidity, 2 of them > Clavien III. The median functional recovery was 1 day (1-2) and the postoperative stay was 3 days (3-4). There was no mortality at 90 days. With a median follow-up of 26.5 (18-33) months, 4 (19%) of the 21 oncological patients operated on with curative intent presented recurrence of the disease, most of them systemic and 95% free from recurrence at 24 months. Conclusions: Implementation and development of HBP surgery by laparoscopy is feasible and it can be performed in regional referral hospitals with the same international standards and results.

The cause of adhesion in cholecystic triangle and its influence on laparoscopic cholecystectomy / 中国医师杂志

The adhesion in the gallbladder triangle is the most important factor influencing the conversion to laparotomy in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).The degree of adhesion in the cholecystic triangle is closely related to the difficulty of LC operation.With the reduction of cholecystic triangle adhesion,the treatment of gallbladder during LC will be easy and the rate of conversion to laparotomy will decrease accordingly.In order to investigate the causes of cholecystic triangle adhesion and its influence on LC,this paper reviews the current research progress.

Factores preoperatorios de riesgo asociados a conversión a técnica abierta en colecistectomía laparoscópica de urgencia / Preoperative risk factors associated with conversion to open technique in emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es la técnica de elección en pacientes con indicación de extracción quirúrgica de la vesícula; sin embargo, en promedio, el 20 % de estos requieren conversión a técnica abierta. En este estudio se evaluaron los factores preoperatorios de riesgo para conversión en colecistectomía laparoscópica de urgencia. Metodología. Se llevó un estudio de casos y controles no pareado. Se obtuvo información sociodemográfica y de las variables de interés de los registros de las historias clínicas de los pacientes operados entre el 2013 y el 2016. Se identificaron los motivos de conversión de la técnica quirúrgica. Se caracterizó la población de estudio y se estimaron las asociaciones según la naturaleza de las variables. Mediante un análisis de regresión logística se ajustaron las posibles variables de confusión. Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de 444 pacientes (111 casos y 333 controles). La causa de conversión más frecuente fue la dificultad técnica (50,5 %). Se encontró que la mayor edad, el sexo masculino, el antecedente de cirugía abierta en hemiabdomen superior, el signo clínico de Murphy positivo, la dilatación de la vía biliar, la leucocitosis y la mayor experiencia del cirujano fueron los factores de riesgo para la conversión. Se encontró un área bajo la curva ROC de 0,743 (IC95% 0,692-0,794, p≤0,001). Discusión. Existen factores que se asocian a mayor riesgo de conversión en colecistectomía laparoscópica. La mayoría se relaciona con un proceso inflamatorio avanzado, por lo que la intervención temprana y oportuna debe ser el estándar de manejo en el abordaje de pacientes con patología quirúrgica de la vesícula

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred technique for patients with indication for gallbladder extraction. Nevertheless, up to near 20% of them require conversion to open surgery. In this study we evaluated preoperative risk factors for conversion in patients undergoing emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methodology: a case-control unmatched study was conducted. Sociodemographic Information and other variables were obtained from the medical records of patients that underwent surgery in the period 2013 to 2016. Reasons for conversion were identified and the study population was characterized. Correlations tests were established and logistic regression was performed for evaluating the role of confounding factors. Results: we analyzed the medical records of 444 patients (111 cases and 333 controls). The most common reasons for conversion were technical difficulty (50,5%), older age, male sex, previous open upper abdominal surgery, Murphy´s sign, bile duct dilation, total white cell count >12.000/mm3 , and a more experienced surgeon. Area under COR was 0.743 (CI95% 0.692­0.794, p= <0.001). Discussion: some factors increase the risk for conversion to open surgery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most of them are related to an advanced gallbladder inflammatory process, thus early and timely intervention should be the gold standard in the management of patients with surgical gallbladder pathology

Caracterización de los pacientes convertidos de colecistectomía video laparoscópica de urgencia / Characterization of the converted patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy of urgency

Fundamento: la colecistitis aguda es una de las tres enfermedades más frecuente del síndrome peritoneal, la cual necesita tratamiento quirúrgico de urgencia. La conversión de la técnica de mínimo acceso a la vía convencional ocurre por múltiples razones. Objetivo: caracterizar los pacientes convertidos de colecistectomía videolaparoscópica de urgencia a vía convencional. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo. El universo estuvo compuesto por 31 pacientes convertidos de mínimo acceso a cirugía convencional de urgencia por colecistitis aguda desde enero de 2010 hasta enero de 2017. Resultados: en los pacientes con colecistitis aguda convertidos de cirugía de mínimo acceso a vía convencional, predominó el sexo masculino con 17 pacientes con una media de edad de 46 años y prevaleció el grupo comprendido entre 41 y 55 años de edad, los pacientes con índice de masa corporal de 25 a 30 Kg/m², fueron los más convertidos con una moda de 27,5. Las causas de conversión correspondió a sospecha o lesión de la vía biliar principal y a las adherencias vesiculares. De los pacientes convertidos, 19 presentaron edema perivesicular y en 14 de ellos el grosor de la pared vesicular estuvo entre cuatro y seis centímetros. Conclusiones: en los pacientes con colecistitis aguda que se convirtieron de mínimo acceso a vía convencional, predominaron los hombres con un promedio de edad de 46 años. El sobrepeso constituyó un factor importante para la conversión del método al igual que presentar edema vesicular asociado a paredes engrosadas de la vesícula entre cuatro y seis centímetros.

Background: the acute cholecystitis is one of the most frequent three entities in the peritoneal syndrome, which needs surgical treatment of urgency. The conversion of the technique of minimum access to the conventional mode occurs for multiple reasons. Objective: to characterize the converted patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy of urgency to conventional mode in the general surgery service. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study with the objective of characterizing the converted patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy of urgency. The universe was composed of 31 converted patients of minimum access to conventional surgery of urgency for acute cholecystitis from January 2010 to January 2017. Results: in the patients with converted acute cholecystitis of surgery of minimum access to conventional mode masculine sex prevailed for 54. 8 % with an average age of 46. The 41to 55 age group, the patients with body mass index of 25 to 30 kg/m2 were the most converted with 58. The 35.4 % of conversion causes corresponded to the vesicular adherences and 16.12 % to suspicion of lesion of bile ducts. From the converted patients, 19 presented perivesicular inflammation and in 14 of them the level of the vesicular wall was between 4 and 6 centimeters. Conclusions: in the patients with acute cholecystitis that were converted from minimum access to conventional mode men prevailed with an average age of 46. Being overweight constitutes an important factor for the conversion of the method as well as presenting perivesicular inflammation associated to augmented walls of the vesicle mainly between 4 and 6 cm.

Factores asociados con la conversión de la colecistectomía laparoscópica a colecistectomía abierta / Factors Associated with Conversion of Laparoscopic Colecistectomy to Open Colescytectomy

Introducción: la colecistitis aguda es una inflamación de la pared vesicular. El tratamiento para esta patología es netamente quirúrgico, y la colecistectomía laparoscópica es el procedimiento de elección. Esta puede sufrir conversión intraoperatoria debido a las complicaciones propias de la intervención, los factores del paciente o los asociados con el cirujano. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es establecer la frecuencia y la asociación de conversiones en colecistectomía laparoscópica, basándonos en los exámenes de laboratorio hematológicos y la ecografía abdominal, así como en los factores sociodemográficos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, observacional y retrospectivo, durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 3 de noviembre de 2015. Se revisaron historias clínicas con diagnóstico de patología vesicular benigna de pacientes sometidos a procedimiento quirúrgico vesicular. Resultados: al 35,5% de los pacientes se les realizó una colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL), en la que fue necesario convertir a cirugía convencional al 42,8% de los pacientes. La mayoría de los pacientes intervenidos fueron mujeres (72,8%), aunque la conversión predominó en el sexo masculino. El diagnóstico preoperatorio más frecuente fue la colelitiasis (98,3%). La edad mayor de 50 años presentó un odds ratio de 0,55, mientras que la leucocitosis presentó un odds ratio de 0,40; ambas variables fueron estadísticamente significativas (p ≤0,05). Conclusiones: se determinó que una edad mayor de 50 años y/o un valor de leucocitos mayor de 10 000 mm3 son factores de riesgo para que una colecistectomía laparoscópica falle; además, deben tenerse en cuenta los factores propios del cirujano

Acute cholecystitis is an inflammation of the vesicular wall whose treatment is purely surgical: a laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice. This can be converted intraoperatively due to complications of the intervention, patient factors or factors associated with the surgeon. The aim of this study was to establish the frequency and the association of conversions of laparoscopic cholecystectomies based on hematological laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasound as well as sociodemographic factors. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study that was carried out from January 1 to November 3, 2015. Clinical histories of patients who had been with diagnosed with benign vesicular pathologies who underwent vesicular surgical procedures were reviewed. Results: Of the cases reviewed, 35.5% patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomies, and of these cases 42.8% of the procedures were converted to conventional surgery. The majority of the patients were women (72.8%), but conversions were most frequent among men. The most frequent preoperative diagnosis was cholelithiasis (98.3%). Age greater than 50 years presented an odds ratio of 0.55, while leukocytosis had an odds ratio of 0.40, both variables were statistically significant (P = <0.05). Conclusions: It was determined that ages over 50 years and/or a leukocyte count over 10,000 mm3 are risk factors for failure of laparoscopic cholecystectomies. In addition, factors related to the surgeon must be taken into account

Long-term Outcomes of Laparoscopic versus Open Surgery for Rectal Cancer: A Singlecenter Retrospective Analysis / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic surgery has been proven to be an effective alternative to open surgery in patients with colon cancer. However, data on laparoscopic surgery in patients with rectal cancer are insufficient. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic and open surgery in patients with rectal cancer. METHODS: A total of 307 patients with rectal cancer who were treated by open and laparoscopic curative resection at Kosin University Gospel Hospital (Busan, Korea) between January 2002 and December 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Regarding treatment, 176 patients underwent an open procedure and 131 patients underwent a laparoscopic procedure. The local recurrence rate after laparoscopic resection was 2.3%, compared with 5.7% after open resection (p=0.088). Distant metastases occurred in 6.9% of the laparoscopic surgery group, compared with 24.4% in the open surgery group (p or =75 years vs. < or =60 years), preoperative staging, surgical approach (open vs. laparoscopic), elevated initial CEA level, elevated follow-up CEA level, number of positive lymph nodes, and postoperative chemotherapy affected overall survival and disease free survival. However, in multivariate analysis, the surgical approach apparently did not affect long-term oncologic outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, long-term outcomes after laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer were not inferior to those after open surgery. Therefore, laparoscopic surgery would be an alternative operative tool to open resection for rectal cancer, although further investigation is needed.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica difícil, estrategias de manejo / Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy, management strategies

La colecistectomía laparoscópica es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos practicados más frecuentemente por el cirujano general y en un importante número de casos se efectúa en pacientes mayores con gran inflamación vesicular, lo que pone a prueba los conocimientos y habilidades del cirujano. Es perfectamente posible reconocer, antes del acto quirúrgico, en cuáles pacientes este resultará difícil en mayor o menor grado, para así diseñar estrategias de manejo intraoperatorio que nos permitan resolver favorablemente estos casos. En este artículo, el cual se presenta acompañado de videos de casos clínicos publicados en la página electrónica de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía (http://www.ascolcirugia.org), se pretende mostrar cuáles son las opciones de manejo en aquellos pacientes cuyas colecistectomías son muy difíciles por el grado de inflamación o por las enfermedades subyacentes y que constituyen alternativas de manejo viables para la colecistectomía laparoscópica clásica o para evitar la conversión a cirugía abierta; aunque también, se llama fuertemente la atención sobre la necesidad de una conversión temprana y oportuna antes de tener complicaciones o alteraciones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar u otro órgano vecino.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures by the general surgeon and an important number of cases occur in elderly patients with major inflammation of the gallbladder, a condition that challenges the knowledge and ability of the surgeon. It is perfectible possible to recognize, prior to surgery, which patients will present major or minor difficulties so as to design intraoperative strategies in order to favorably resolve such situations. This article is complemented wit uploaded YouTube videos in the web page of the Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía, http://www.ascolcirugia.org. It intends to show the different management options in those patients with very difficult cholecystectomies because of the degree of inflammation or the underlying pathology that constitute viable alternatives to the classic laparoscopic cholecystectomy or to avoid conversion open surgery; however, it also strongly calls attention to the need of early and timely conversion so as to avoid complications or iatrogenic lesion of the bile duct or neighbor organs.

Analysis of risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to laparotomy / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) to laparotomy.Methods In 1020 LC patients,36 patients with conversion of LC to laparotomy were chosen as the case group,108 patients with successful LC were chosen as the control group.Univariate analysis and Logistic multivariate regression model were used to analyze the risk factors for conversion of LC to laparotomy.Results Age ＞ 65 years (0R=3.234,95％ CI:0.532-6.853),course of disease ＞ 72h (OR =2.342,95％ CI:0.568 ～ 5.656),history of upper abdominal operation (OR =2.453,95％ CI:0.345-7.453),thickness of gallbladder wall ≥ 6 mm (OR =2.453,95％ CI:0.453-6.343),white bloodcell count ＞ 15.0 × 109/L (OR =4.532,95％ CI:0.535-8.329) were risk factors for conversion of LC to laparotomy.Conclusion Preoperative comprehensive evaluation the risk factors and selecting suitable program have important clinical significant in reducing the rate of conversion LC to laparotomy.

Precaution against immediate conversions to open surgery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To investigate pre-and intra-operative preventive measures against immediate conversions to open surgery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).Methods We retrospectively reviewed 568 cases of LC,27 of which underwent an immediate conversion to open surgery.Causes of conversions,surgical techniques,and curative outcomes were analyzed.Results Causes of immediate conversions included: severe adhesion between the gallbladder and neighboring tissues(1.4%),severe acute cholecystitis(1.1%),freezing adhesion in the Calot triangle(0.9%),large stone obstruction proximal to the gallbladder(0.5%),abnormal anatomy of the cystic duct(0.4%),extensive adhesion around the umbilical port(0.4%),and uncontrollable hemorrhage of the gallbladder bed(0.2%).No fatal cases or intra-and post-operative complications were observed.Conclusions Preventive measures should be taken before and during laparoscopic cholecystectomy to minimize the possibility of immediate conversions to open surgery.

Causes of Conversions to Open Surgery in Patients Receiving Gynecological Laparoscopic Operations:Report of 45 Cases / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To study the causes of conversion to open surgery in patients receiving gynecological laparoscopic operations. Methods From January 2002 to December 2007,totally 2630 patients received gynecological laparoscopy in our hospital; 45 of them were converted to open surgery. The data of the 45 cases were analyzed. Results The causes of conversion to open surgery included uterus myoma located at specific locations (25 cases,55.6%),severe pelvic-abdominal adhesion (10 cases,22.2%),uterine horn pregnancy (3 cases,6.7%),ovarian tumors (3 cases,6.7%),surgical injury (3 cases,6.7%) ,and adenomyoma with requirement for uterus conservation (1 case,2.2%). Conclusions Peculiar locations of uterine myoma and severe pelvic-abdominal adhesion are the main causes of conversion to open surgery during gynecological laparoscopy. Detailed preoperative evaluation can decrease the rate of the conversion rate. Right timing of the conversion may reduce complication rate.

On causes of conversions to open surgery during laparoscopic procedure for acute cholecystitis / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To investigate main causes leading to conversions to open surgery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Methods A total of 32 cases of acute cholecystitis received LC were analyzed. Results Out of the 32 cases of acute cholecystitis, LC was successfully accomplished in 25 cases (78.1%) and a conversion to open surgery was required in 7 cases (21.9%). Major causes of the conversion included the necrosis of the gallbladder(4 cases) and the failure to expose the Calot’s triangle(3 cases). Conclusions Conversions to open surgery should be made during LC when a gangrenous cholecystitis is confirmed or the Calot’s triangle cannot be well exposed.